Penicillium

A wide number of organisms belong to this genus. Identification to species is difficult. Often found in aerosol samples. Commonly found in soil, food, cellulose, paint, grass, and compost piles. It is commonly found in carpet, wallpaper, and in interior fiberglass duct insulation. Penicillium is reported to be allergenic (skin) and it may cause hypersensitivity pneumonitis and allergic alveolitis in susceptible individuals. It can cause other infections such as keratitis, penicilliosis, and otomycosis. Some species can produce mycotoxins including, 1). Ochratoxin which is damaging to the kidneys and liver and is also a suspected carcinogen; there is also evidence that impairs the immune system. 2). Citrinin that can cause renal damage, vasodilation, and bronchial constriction. 3). Glioxin which is an immunosuppressive toxin, and 3.) Patulin that is believed to cause hemorrhaging in the brain and lungs and is usually associated with apple and grape spoilage. It can also cause extrinsic asthma. P. camemberti has been reported as causing occupational allergies in connection with production of soft white cheese, due to inhalation of conidia liberated from the surface of cheeses. P. chrysogenum is often-found in moldy buildings where it destroys materials. It also grows well on the glue on the reverse-side of wallpaper and on most chipboards and is found in plants. Morphological characteristics of Penicillium include conidiophores arising from the mycelium single, penicillate, ending in a group of phialides; conidia hyaline or brightly colored in mass, 1-celled, mostly globose or ovoid, in dry basipetalichains.